Transformation of Sentence এর নিয়ম (Sentence Changing)
আজকে English Grammar এর সব থেকে বড় টপিক Transformation of Sentence নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হবে।
সবার কথা মাথায় রেখে এটাকে প্রথমে মূলত দুইটি পার্টে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে।
(উল্লেখ্য যে,
1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।
2. Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।
3. Voice Change ২ প্রকার ।
4. Degree ৩ প্রকার ।)
1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার:
▶️Interrogative
▶️Imperative
▶️Optative
▶️Exclamatory
এখন এই ৫ প্রকার বাক্যের মধ্যে Rules of Transformation নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হল:
◻️ Affirmative to Negative:
Rule 1:
Only/ alone/ merely → স্থানে→ None but(ব্যক্তি)/ nothing but(বস্তু)/ not more than or not less than(সংখা)
Example:
Aff: Only Allah can help us.
Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a ball.
Neg: He has nothing but a ball.
Aff: He has only ten taka.
Neg: He has not more than ten taka.
Rule 2:
Must/Have to /Has to → স্থানে → Cannot but+মূল verb/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Example:
Aff: We must obey our parents.
Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.
Rule 3:
Both—-and → স্থানে → not only —- but also.
Example:
Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.
Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were excited
Rule 4:
and (যদি দুটি শব্দ যোগ করে) →স্থানে → Not only —– but also.
Example:
Aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.
Rule 5:
Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → স্থানে → There is no + attached word + but.
Example:
Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.
Rule 6:
As soon as → স্থানে → No sooner had —Than.
Example:
Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Neg: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
Rule 7:
The Superlative degree → স্থানে → No other+ attached word+verb+so/as+ positive form+ as+subject.
Example:
Affirmative: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.
Rule 8:
প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। By Not.
Example:
Aff: I shall remember you.
Neg: I shall not forget you.
Rule 9:
Always → স্থানে → Never প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে।
Example:
Aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.
Rule 10:
Too —- to → স্থানে → so —that+Present হলে can not/ Pastহলেcould not.
Example:
Aff: He is too weak to walk.
Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Rule 11:
As – as → স্থানে → Not less – than.
Example:
Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi.
Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.
Rule 12:
Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.
Example:
Aff: The Sun sets in the west.
Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.
Rule 13:
Sometimes স্থানে → Not + always.
Example:
Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.
Rule 14:
Many → স্থানে → Not a few.
Example:
Aff: I have many friends.
Neg: I donot have few friends.
Rule 15:
A few → স্থানে → not many.
Example:
Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.
Rule 16:
Much → স্থানে → A little.
Example:
Aff: He belongs much money.
Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.
Rule 17:
A little → স্থানে → not much.
Example:
Aff: Dolon has a little riches.
Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.
◻️ Assertive to Interrogative:
** Present Form=Don’t ?
** Past Form=Didn’t ?
** Verb+s/es=Doesn’t ?
** Auxiliary Verb= Auxiliary Verb+n’t?
** Every/Some/All/Body=Who ?
Rule 1:
যদি sentence টি affirmative হয় তাহলে negative interrogative করতে হবে.আর যদি negative হয় affermative interrogative করতে হবে।
Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?
Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?
Rule 2:
যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে →
Present form হলে Do/ Don’t
Past form হলে Did/Didn’t.
Verb+s,es হলে Does/Doesn’t
Ass: He plays Football.
Int: Doesn’t he play football?
Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?
Rule 3:
Never → স্থানে → Ever.
Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?
Rule 4:
Everybody /everyone/ All → স্থানে → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t
Ass: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 5:
Every + noun → স্থানে → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/
didn’t.
Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 6:
No body/ no one / None → স্থানে → Who.
Ass: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?
Rule 7 :
There is no → স্থানে → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).
Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law?
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil?
Rule 8:
It Is no → স্থানে → Is there any/Why.
Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?
Rule 9:
It Doesn’t matter → স্থানে → what though/ Does it matter.
Ass: It doesn’t matter if you fail in the exam.
Int: What if you fail in the exam?
◻️ Exclamatory Sentence to Assertive Sentence:
Rule 1:
What a/an → স্থানে → a very(before adjective)/ a great(before noun)
Ex: What beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.
Rule 2:
How → স্থানে → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)
Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.
Rule 3:
Hurrah/ Bravo → স্থানে → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.
Ex: Hurrah! We have our own game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Rule 4:
Alas → স্থানে → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.
Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.
Rule 5:
Had/were/If /Would that(at the outset) → স্থানে → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.
Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.
◻️ Imperative to Assertive Sentence:
Rule 1: Subject + should+verb.
Imperative: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.
Rule 2:
Please/kindly → স্থানে→ you are requested to+verb.
Imp: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.
Rule 3:
Do not → স্থানে → You should not.
Imp: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.
Rule 4:
Never → স্থানে → you should never.
Imp: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.
Rule 5:
Let us → স্থানে → We should.
Imp: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.
Rule 6:
Let + noun/pronoun → স্থানে → Subject + might.
Imp: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.
⚫ Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার।
Simple—Compound—Complex
এখন Simple, Compound এবং Complex Sentences এর মধ্যে Rules of Transformation নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হবে!!
Rule 1:
Simple=Verb+ing
Compound=and
Complex=when/as/since
Example:
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.
Compound: The boy worked hard and he made a good result.
Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Rule 2:
Simple=In spite of possessive+v+ing
Compound=But
Complex=Though/Although
Example:
Simple: In spite of his trying hard and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Compound: He tried hard and soul but he could not succeed in life.
Complex: Though he tried hard and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Rule 3:
Simple=By+ing
Compound=Imperative sentence+and
Complex=If Clause positive
Example:
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.
Compound:Work hard and you will succeed in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Rule 4:
Simple=Without+ing
Compound=Imperative sentence+or
Complex=If Clause negative
Example:
Simple: Without working hard, you will not succeed in life.
Compound:Work hard or you will not succeed in life.
Complex:Unless you work hard, you will not success in life.
Rule 5:
Simple=Principal clause +Too-to+verb
Compound=very/much…and
Complex=So…That
Example:
Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it.
Compound:The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Complex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Rule 6:
Simple=Principal clause +to+verb
Compound=and
Complex=So that/In order that
Example:
Simple: He works hard to prosper in life.
Compound:He works hard and he may prosper in life.
Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Rule 7:
Simple=Principal clause +adjective+Noun
Compound=and
Complex=Relative Pronoun(Who,Whi
ch,That)
Example:
Simple: I know the poor man
Compound:I know the man and he is poor
Complex: I know the man who is poor.
◻️ Compound to Complex Sentence:
Rule-1.
And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি অপরটির কারন বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত Compound Sentence টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Since/as/when + 1st sentence + and পরিবর্তে (,) + 2nd sentence.
Compound: He came to me and I felt tired.
Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired.
Rule-2.
But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Although/though + 1st sentence + but এর পরিবর্তে (,) + বাকি sentence.
Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the match.
Complex: Though the boy tried hard, he could not win the match.
Rule-3.
Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: If + Sub + do not + 1st Clause + or এর পরিবর্তে (,) + sub + will + or এর পরবর্তী অংশ।
Compound: Do or die.
Complex: If you do not do, you will die.
Rule-4.
And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দেশক compound sentence কে so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয়।
Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in life.
Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life.
Rule-5.
And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কে so that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় ।
Compound: We take a balanced diet and we can keep good health.
Complex: We take a balanced diet so that we can keep good health.
◻️ Simple to Compound:
Rule-1.
Present Participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেত্রে –
Structure: 1st sub + main verb + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) এর স্থলে and + sub এর পরের অংশ।
Simple: Finishing the work, we went to the playground.
Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground.
Rule-2.
Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেত্রে
Structure: Sub + Beingএর বাকি অংশ যে tense এর থাকে সেই tense ও person অনুযায়ী to be verb বসে + being এর পরের অংশ + কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর পরের অংশ।
Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son.
Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son.
Rule-3.
Having যুক্ত বা perfect participle যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + Tense অনুযায়ী verb ‘to have’ + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + and + sub এর পরের অংশ ।
Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it.
Compound: I had written the letter and it.
Rule-4.
In spite of/Despite যুক্ত simple sentence কে but দ্বারা compound করতে হয়।
Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was rewarded.
Compound: He was dishonest but rewarded.
Rule-5.
Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence যদি শর্ত বুঝাই, তবে ‘or’ যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয়।
Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমা এর স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অংশ।
Simple: Without going, you will die.
Compound: Go or you will die.
Rule-6.
By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে compound করতে হয়।
Structure: By উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অংশ।
Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life.
Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life.
Rule-7.
Too….to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very + Adjective + and + can not/could not + to বাদে পরের অংশ।
Simple: He is too dull to understand it.
Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it.
◻️ Complex to Compound:
Rule-1.
Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় since/as/when তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পর complex sentence কমা তুলে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound sentence হয়ে যায়।
Complex: When i went there, I found him.
Compound: I went there and found him.
Rule-2.
Though/although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে though/ although তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তুলে দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয়।
Complex: Although it rained heavily, he went out without an umbrella.
Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an umbrella.
Rule-3.
Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত Clause এ যদি not থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ তুলে দিতে হবে এবং এর পর কমা তুলে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই compound sentence হবে।
Complex: If you do not read, you will fail.
Compound: Read or you will fail.
◻️ Complex to Simple Sentence:
Rule-1.
Since/when/as যুক্ত complex sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject এর হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে।
Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তুলে দিয়ে main verb ing form করতে হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ।
Complex: When i went there, I found him absent.
Simple: Going there, I found him absent.
Rule-2.
Since/as যুক্ত complex sentence যদি কারন বুঝাই, তাহলে Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে করতে হয়।
Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ On account of + verb + ing অথবা fog/rough weather/cold + Extension.
Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out.
Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out.
Rule-3.
If যুক্ত শর্তমূলক Negative complex sentence কে simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তুলে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + verb + ing + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ ।
Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen.
Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen.
Rule-4.
If যুক্ত Negative Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে।
Structure: If এর স্থলে without + subject এর possessive form বসে + Auxiliary verb ও not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + Extension.
Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him.
Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him.
Rule-5.
‘So that’ যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: So that থেকে principal verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থলে to বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life.
Simple: People work hard to shine in life.
Rule-6.
‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + verb + so এর স্থলে too + adjective/adverb + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension.
Complex: They are so nice that they can not be used just at present.
Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present.
Rule-7.
Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Although/though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite বসে + Subject এর possessive form + being/having + extension.
Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free.
Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free.
Rule-8.
Complex Sentence এ Relative pronoun টি যদি subject কে নির্দেশ করে সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় উক্ত relative pronoun এবং তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায়।এবং relative pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject এর পূর্বে বসে ।
Complex: The man who is drowning catches at a straw.
Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw.
◻️ Compound to Simple Sentence:
Rule-1.
And দ্বারা যুক্ত compound sentence-এর and এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি এক হয়, তবে একে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়মঃ
Compound: He finished the work and return home.
Simple: Finishing the work, he returned home.
Rule-2.
And যুক্ত compound sentence এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি একই হয় এবং প্রথম অংশের sentence টি যদি কারন নির্দেশ করে, সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের নিয়মে simple করতে হবে।
Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ on account of + 1st sentence এর subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing/ being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + sub + verb + extension.
Compound: I was ill and I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Because of my being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Rule-3.
But যুক্ত compound sentence এ যদি but এর পরে subject ও verb না থাকে তবে, simple sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিচের নিয়মঃ
Structure: In spite of / Despite + Subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing + being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + subject + verb + extension.
Compound: He is poor but honest.
Simple: In spite of his being, he is poor.
Rule-4.
‘Or’ যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Without + 1st main verb + ing + verb এর পরের অংশ + কমা + বাকি অংশ।
Compound: Move or will die.
Simple: Without moving, you will die.
Rule-5.
Not only …. but also যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Besides + not only যুক্ত ব্যকের মূল verb এর সাথে ing + not only উঠে যাবে + but also এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) + মূল subject + but also অংশে verb না থাকলে প্রথম অংশের verb + but এর পরের অংশ।
Compound: Our teachers not only teach us but also guide us.
Simple: Besides teaching us, our teacher guides us.
Rule-6.
And দ্বারা যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Compound sentence -কে In, On, At ইত্যাদি time word দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: It was raining and Siam came to me.
Simple: At the time of rain Siam came to me.
Rule-7.
‘And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশ্যমুলক compound sentence কে Infinitive দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: He reads attentively and she can do good results.
Simple: He reads attentively to get good results.
Transformation of Sentence এর নিয়ম
প্রিয় পাঠক আগমী পোষ্টে থাকবে Transformation of Sentence নিয়ে বিস্তারিত। আমাদে সাথে থাকার জন্য অনুরোধ করছি। আমাদের ফেইজবুক পেইজে লাইক দিতে নিচের বাটনে ক্লিক করুন।
